Dr. Francesca de Châtel
The title of this article is my construction from what I learned, yesterday, at a valuable presentation of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), augmented by some other history and writings from this part of the world.
The title of the talk and slide presentation by Dr. Francesca de Châtel was “Vanishing water landscapes: Perceptions of water, scarcity and conflict in MENA“. (The link leads to a video recording of the presentation on Youtube. MENA is the acronym for Middle East and North Africa.)
I offer here, first, selected facts and images directly from the presentation, then two sets of summary statements by Dr. de Châtel which bring the facts into focus, and, finally, historical sources and my further comments and conclusions.
Water use per person in MENA
The figures beyond 2010 are projected
All water use is expressed in terms of ‘per/person’ for a given region or polity
Most water, by far, is used by industry and agriculture.
Rapid Population Growth in MENA
MENA Population in millions-World Bank 2007
Damascus, Syria: 1900 and 2010
Damascus grows over 110 years
Technological advances change perceptions of (the availability of) water
Motor-pumps and -drills make groundwater (more) accessible
Technology offers promises of endless water supply–“Mega-projects”
Slogans like “Not a single drop to the sea” suggest no limit to (the) potential of technology
Expansion of irrigated agriculture
Intensive exploitation and depletion of groundwater
Agriculture consumes, on average, 86% of water in the MENA region
Water use efficiency and productivity remain low
Nearly 60% of grain is imported into the region
Ras al Ain, one of the world’s largest springs, in northeast Syria on the border with Turkey, dried out in 2001
Rural population can no longer sustain livelihoods
Desertification due to mismanagement of resources. Left of the fence for animal grazing, right of the fence for crops
Environmental degradation and conflict drive migration
Refugee Camp
Water Quality in Decline:
Lack of adequate wastewater treatment
Untreated sewage, industrial and medical waste released into the environment
Lower Jordan River reduced to 2% of its historic flow
Growing awareness, but…
Regional conflicts and instability stand in the way of sustainable development
MENA governments mainly shifting blame; cooperation limited
Sensationalizing vs. downplaying narratives of scarcity/climate change/conflict
Water remains low on the policy agenda
Roots of the MENA water crisis
Uncontrolled population growth
Long-term resource mismanagement
Short-sighted policy making
Bad governance
Undervaluing & under-pricing water
—
This concluded Dr. de Châtel’s formal presentation, after which Dr. Dan Smith, Executive Director of SIPRI, and moderator of this session, asked Dr. de Châtel to give the audience three “takeways” from today’s presentation. Here is my interpretation of her response (her remarks can be seen and heard in the Youtube video):
- All parties must accept and announce the fact that there is a water crisis in the MENA region.
- All political and economic deliberations at the national and international level must have water as a major agenda item.
- Peace between the regional political (and also by my inference, ethnic and religious) jurisdictions must prevail in order to develop effective strategies for addressing the water crisis.
Then came time for Q&A. I made the assertion that proper governance was the key to achieving all the other aims, and wondered whether it would take an authoritarian regime to effectively weld all the affected parties together.
Remarks and questions by others in audience can be experienced by viewing the Youtube video.
My remarks
Dr. de Châtel did mention but we did not discuss the elephant in the room–the vast increase in population since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. This subject is fraught with emotion and political traps. A discussion of possible ‘solutions’ to this ‘problem’ might have created more heat than light.
I thought of the efforts of T.E. Lawrence at the end of World War One, in support of the nomadic Arab Bedouin to overcome the Ottoman Empire (The Turks), and how he felt, in the end, upon the realization that his (British) government tricked him into betraying them. This led me further to thoughts of the initially secret Sykes-Picot Agreement and the resultant “lines in the sand” which created nation-states where none previously existed. The creation of these nation states was for Great Britain and France (with support from the USA) to gain access to the petroleum assets of the region.
Syria and Syrian are foreign words. Unless he has learned English or French, the inhabitant of these parts has no word to describe all his country. Syria, in Turkish (the word does not exist in Arabic), is the province of Damascus… An Aleppine always calls himself an Aleppine, a Beiruti a Beiruti, and so down to the smallest villages… There is no national feeling. — T.E. Lawrence
Conclusion
The basic wealth of a region/polity is in its land, with its ability to produce crops and animal protein to feed the people in an ecologically sustainable manner. “Oil” wealth is a temporary wealth which allows the state to ignore the maintenance of its farms and pastures while living off the revenues of the oil fields which, in turn, pay for the import of food for the increased population of a size beyond the capability of the land to support.
About Dr. Francesca de Châtel (from her website)
Born in Amsterdam and raised in Brussels, Francesca trained as an architect and journalist in the UK.
Her fascination with water and the Middle East started when she travelled through the Middle East and North Africa in 2001, exploring the historical, cultural and political value of water in this arid region. Following extensive travel and research between 2001 and 2005, Francesca published a non-fiction general audience book, Water Sheikhs and Dam Builders, Stories of People and Water in the Middle East, which was published in 2007.
Francesca lived in the Syrian capital Damascus from 2006 until 2010, where she worked as the managing editor and editor-in-chief of Syria Today, an independent English-language current affairs magazine. During this period she continued to write about different aspects of water and scarcity in Syria and in the region.
As an editor and project manager, Francesca has worked on a range of water-related publications and projects. Her editorial approach is strongly focused on translating the complexity of the Middle East water question into formats that are accessible and appealing to a wide audience of non-experts.
Francesca is currently based in Amsterdam. She recently obtained her doctoral degree and continues to work as an editor, researcher and writer with a focus on water in the Mediterranean Basin.
